Moral Responsibility in                               Moral Ambiguity of
Individual Action                                           Institutional Roles

Conscious Hurt/Offense                     Structural Harm/Oppression
 

Overt Personal Violence Clear: mugging, rape, and murder     Debated: defend law, benefit person --reasonable restraint vs police brutality --corporal punishment vs child abuse	Overt Institutional Violence Clear: civil war, international war     Debated: capital punishment, riots --legitimate execution vs state murder --organized strike vs spontaneous outburst
Covert Personal Violence Clear: verbal & psychological abuse     Debated: threats --may avoid overt personal violence --individual responsible, if done	Covert Institutional Violence Clear: slavery, colonialism, ghettos     Debated: deterrence --may avoid overt institutional violence --state responsible, if done